Phenol formaldehyde resin pdf

Figure 5. R2 2 adj was used to ensure that the model is not over-fitted. The statistical significance of the coefficients, regression, and residual errors was checked using the F-test and the p-value test as shown in Tables 8 and 9. Table 8. Statistical significance of the coefficient of regression.

ANOVA for the regression. Thus, these coefficients were not included in the regression model. The normal probability plot Figure 6 indicates that assumption that the errors are normally distributed was a good prediction.

The absence of a visible pattern in the residual versus fitted plot Figure 7 indicates model adequacy. Figure 8 shows the actual curing temperatures of the BPF resoles plotted against the predicted curing temperatures from the model.

As can be seen, there was an agreement between the predicted data and the actual data for the curing temperature. Table Table 9. Normal 6. Normalprobability Normal probabilityplot probability plotfor plot forcuring for curingtemperature curing temperature response. Molecules , 22, 10 of 19 Figure 8 shows the actual curing temperatures of the BPF resoles plotted against the predicted curing temperatures from the model. As can be seen, there was an agreement between the predicted Figure7.

Figure 7. Residual 7. Residual vs. Figure 8. Predicted vs actual curing temperatures. Predicted vs. Interaction Effects Figure 9 shows the interaction effects of the regression model, where the plots for means of each level of a factor are given while keeping the second factor constant. Absence of parallel lines indicates that the response of one variable depends upon the levels of other variables.

As such, assessment of the effect of any of the variables substitution of phenol with lignin, Lignin Mw, and formaldehyde- to-phenol ratio should be done with respect to the other variables. Molecules , 22, 11 of 20 Figure 8.

Interaction Interaction Effects Effects Figure shows the Figure 9 shows theinteraction interactioneffects effectsofof thethe regression regression model, model, where where the the plots plots for means for means of of each each level level of a factor of a factor are given are given while keeping while keeping the second the second factor constant.

AbsenceAbsence oflines of parallel parallel lines indicates indicates that the of that the response response of one one variable variable depends depends upon uponofthe the levels levels other of other variables. As variables. As such, such, assessment of assessment the effect of of anytheof effect of any substitution the variables of the variables substitution of phenol of phenol with lignin, Ligninwith lignin, Mw, and Lignin Mw , formaldehyde- and formaldehyde-to-phenol to-phenol ratio should be done ratio withshould be to respect done the with otherrespect to the other variables.

Figure 9. Interaction effects Figure 9. Response 2. As can be seen from Figures 10 a and 11, at slightly higher than 2. Surface withfor plots lignin at a effects of 0. Figure Figure Figure As can be seen, the two extremes of lignin Mww do not yield the lowest curing curing temperatures.

At higher percent substitutions, the range of lignin Mw w that that can can yield yield the the lowest lowest curing temperatures. At higher percent substitutions, the range of lignin Mw that can yield the lowest curing curing temperature temperature increase, allowing for more variation in lignin lignin MMwwatathigher higherpercent percentsubstitutions.

Molecules , 22, 13 of 19 Molecules, Molecules 22, ,22, 14of 13 of19 20 Figure Contour plot for substitution of phenol with lignin X1 Mw on curing temperatures of Figure Figure Contourplot Contour plot for for substitution substitution of of phenol phenol with with lignin lignin X Mww on X11 M on curing curing temperatures temperatures of of BPF resoles. BPF resoles. As can be seen, lowest w constant. Therefore, percentage.

Contour Figure Contour resoles. It can constant. Contour Materials and 3. Materials 3. Materials Materials 3. TheThe dried dried sample sample contains contains 0. The dried sample contains 0. Other and The reactor was charged with 48 g lignin and 60 g distilled water and g NaOH solution 10 wt.

The reactor was purged thrice with nitrogen, checked for leaks and finally pressurized to 2 MPa. The reactor was then heated at approx. During the reaction, the pressure of the reactor system will increase depending on the reaction temperature mainly due to the water vapor pressure e. After the pre-set reaction time elapsed, the reactor was immediately quenched with water to stop the further reaction.

The gas was released into the fume hood. The reactor contents were then completely rinsed into a beaker using distilled water. The pH value of the washed reactor contents varying from The acidified reaction mixture was then filtered through a Buchner funnel. The solid cake containing depolymerized KL was dissolved in acetone 20—25 mL under sonication and then filtered under vacuum with Buchner funnel to get acetone soluble depolymerized lignin DL or polyols and solid residues SR.

The yield of DL was calculated based on the mass of original KL on dry basis. The variables and their levels selected for this study are shown in Table Table Box and Donald Behnken in Skip to search form Skip to main content Skip to account menu You are currently offline.

Some features of the site may not work correctly. Serio , S. Solomon Published Fires kill nearly 10, people each year in the U. Consequently, there is a great need for additional research on fires and fire safety. While non-polymeric materials e. To describe the pyrolytic degradation of a burning… Expand.

Save to Library Save. Batch pyrolysis of a commercial resole type phenol-formaldehyde resin was performed using a step-wise heating procedure in a temperature increment of 50 K from to K.

A resin sample of 50 mg … Expand. View 1 excerpt, cites background. Accurately modeling the kinetics of the pyrolysis reaction … Expand. Understanding the reaction kinetics of the pyrolysis reactions … Expand. Highly Influential. View 7 excerpts, references methods and background. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of cured phenolic resins. Journal of chromatography. View 1 excerpt, references methods. Differential scanning calorimetry of phenol—formaldehyde resins cure-accelerated by carbonates.

Abstract One of the drawbacks of phenol—formaldehyde PF resol resin is its slow cure which requires longer hot-pressing time for the manufacture of wood composite products, especially for thick … Expand. View 1 excerpt, references background. A comparative study of non-isothermal kinetics of decomposition of calcium oxalate monohydrate. Four … Expand. Non-isothermal kinetics studies on the thermal decomposition of zinc hydroxide carbonate.

Thermogravimetry TG , differential scanning … Expand. A new method of obtaining the kinetic parameters from thermogravimetric curves has been proposed. The method is simple and applicable to reactions which can not be analyzed by other methods. The … Expand. View 3 excerpts, references methods. A test procedure and method of analysis is presented, whereby the overall decomposition rate of the phenolic binder in a silica-phenolic ablator may be separated into its component reactions. View 4 excerpts, references methods and background.